Freedom From BigBrother Now!

Shirley Temple was the big thing with the girls when I was a kid. If my sisters could generate a dime, they went to one of her movies. Being a boy, I was only interested in war and western movies. That is until puberty, when I was interested in war, westerns, and any movie starring a sexy woman. When “The Outlaw” came to our town, we snuck off to see it. Wow!

I mainly watched Shirley Temple movies with my kids on television. She was a cute little tyke with the cute dimples and all. Shirley also made some movies as a teenager. I’ve seen a couple of these on television and the first thing I noticed was that she talked the same way as she did as a child. Some director! Well, maybe that is the way she still talks. Anyway, I think that is what ended her career although I haven’t talked to her about it and I’m afraid to call her:

“Shirley?”

“Who is this?”

“John Jones, the writer.”

“I’ve never heard of you. Can I help you?” (She is always so sweet and polite, I think.)

“It’s not an alias, Shirley.”

“Same answer. What do you want, Mr. Jones?”

“Actually, it’s Dr. Jones.”

“Same answer. What do you want, Dr. Jones?”

“I wanted to ask you what happened to your movie career.”

“Nothing happened except, like all movie careers, it ended.”

I would be afraid to ask her about the child-like dialogue of her teenage movie era. I would say, “For the United States of America, I would like to thank you for your many years of service to our country, as Ambassador, White House Chief of Protocol wizard, and all that.”

“You don’t sound like a writer, Dr. Jones, but I thank you for your kind words anyway.”

That’s when she would hang up on me before I could ask her why Gerald Ford sent her as Ambassador to the Republic of Ghana.

He’s the president who made her White House Chief of Protocol, so I guess he made up for it.

Betty probably said, “Gerald, what in the hell is wrong with you, sending Shirley Temple to Ghana! You should have sent her to Kashmir. Next time, ask me first!”

He got the point, I guess. (Well, if you are not a Washington insider, you must guess.)

Anyway, Shirley Temple kept acting after her movie career. She was on television and the radio. Her second husband, Charles Black, was probably a major factor in her life in doing governmental service, but she has hobnobbed with all the presidents of her time and they would influence her too. (All except for Gerald Ford who sent her to Ghana.)

Shirley took her husband’s name. That impressed me. It showed she had class. She became a very mature, beautiful woman. She has made those wonderful contributions to our country. That is why we all love Shirley Temple Black.

You can read more about her at: http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=3814&source_type=A

Very personal P.S.: I really love you, Shirley Temple! John

copyright©John T. Jones, Ph.D. 2005

John T. Jones, Ph.D. (tjbooks@hotmail.com)is a retired R&D engineer and VP of a Fortune 500 company. He is author of detective & western novels, nonfiction (business, scientific, engineering), poetry, etc. Former editor of international trade magazine.

More info: http://www.tjbooks.com

Business web site: http://www.bookfindhelp.com (wealth-success books / flagpoles)

ATOMIC HIGH-SPIN TECHNOLOGY: - In 1950 B.C. there was a priest-king in Salem who understood the ‘highward fire-stone’ according to Gardner in ‘Genesis of the Grail Kings’. His name was Melchizedek, and there is a secret or inner sanctum group of Mormons who follow his lead. The Mason (Joseph Smith was a 33rd Degree Mason, Brigham Young was a Mason too.) who founded this religion followed a path tred frequently in the expansion of esoteric manipulation. It continues to this very day with the OTO offshoots, Scientology and many other cults who believe in some very ‘freaky’ things. Most of the lay people will never get to know the ulterior motives of those who lead such organizations. The whole of the United States is one of their experiments according to many authors who have done excellent research in the matter. We will leave that portion of the issue until the next segment even though it isn’t much of a ‘mystery’. There are many things a reader should consider before jumping (or attempting to) across that chasm.

“As to why the fire-stone was called ‘highward’ by the ancient Mesopotamians, we shall now discover as we enter the realm of high-spin metallurgy. {Solomon was a very adept person in metallurgy and other things of this order known as Rosicrucianism or Christian ‘mystery schools’ of the Masonic ‘octopus’. I use ‘octopus’ as a way of trying not to have to list names and titles that would fill this book.}

THE TRANSMUTATION OF GOLD

Before commencing this section, it must be stressed that because of the potentially dangerous nature of an enterprise which deals with high-spin atoms, the explanations will be purposefully veiled and guarded. The following is, therefore, presented as a general overview, without detailing specific weights, temperatures, conditions or laboratory burn-times. This will prevent any ill-advised experimentation by unqualified enthusiasts and will avoid the contravention of prevailing international patents which govern the practice. {Yes, Modern science is able to do the alchemical ‘Great Work’ as a purely physical thing now.}

To begin, we should consider statements concerning the Philosophers’ Stone made by the alchemists Lapidus and Eirenaeus Philalethes: ‘The Philosophers’ Stone is no stone, but a powder with the power to transmute base metals into gold and silver,’ (25) and,

The stone which is to be the transformer of metals into gold must be sought in the precious metals in which it is enclosed and contained. It is called a stone by virtue of its fixed nature, and it resists the action of fire as successfully as any stone - but its appearance is that of a very fine powder, impalpable to the touch (imperceptible, like talcum powder), fragrant as to smell, in potency a most penetrative spirit, apparently dry, and yet unctuous, and easily capable of tingeing a plate of metal. The stone does not exist in nature, but has to be prepared by art, in obedience to nature’s laws. Thus, you see our stone is made of gold alone, yet it is not common gold. (26)

Each of these testimonies refers to the enigmatic stone being, in actuality, a fine powder, and in talking of the precious metals within which the stone is contained, modern practitioners refer not only to gold and silver but also to those metals which comprise the platinum group. These metals, along with platinum itself, are palladium {Remember this when we get to cold fusion, under the Lithium heading.}, iridium, osmium, rhodium and ruthenium - and because of their ultimate strengths they are used in surgical, optical and dental instruments, crucibles and thermo-couples, machine-bearings, electrical switch contacts and all manner of precision devices down to the tipping of needles and pen-nibs.

The metal that, in jewellery manufacture, is commonly known as ‘white gold’ is an alloy of gold coupled with palladium, which is said to have been first discovered in Brazil, California and the Urals in 1803, and was named after the asteroid Pallas in that year. Iridium, osmium and rhodium are also given the same date of discovery, with ruthenium following in 1843. However, the platinum-group metals were not truly discovered in the nineteenth century, this was at least one of them, namely iridium, was rediscovered, for iridium was originally a key fire-stone of ancient Sumer. Because of its bright silvery colour and the then non-invention of its latter-day name (applied in 1803 by virtue of its iridescence), the mysteriously described shining metal was long presumed from the old records to have been tin.

Iridium is a very rare element on Earth, but geologists have discovered its existence in quantities up to thirty times the norm in crust layers where extraterrestrial meteorites containing the substance have landed in the distant past. (27) Iridium is, therefore, not so uncommon outside our own planet {He later notes that rhodium and iridium make up 5% of the brain’s clarified weight and suggests our alien ancestors needed it to maintain their power or Divine nature. This is one reason for eating live animal pineal glands to enhance psychic ability. If those ‘animals’ have some of their own DNA it is better; so you might know why they harvest fetal material from Scarlet Women now.} The Sumerians and ancient Egypt clearly knew about the properties of gold and of how to alloy it with other noble metals. The Master Craftsmen were adepts too in the workings of iridium, which just like gold, could be taken to the exotic ‘highward’ state of the ’shem-an-na’.

This means that they not only knew and worked with these metals, but that they understood the science of atoms and nuclei - for the ‘highward’ state of the white powder is only achieved through knowledge of the high-spin metallurgical experience. Only by understanding this part-physical and part-metaphysical science can one take a physical something and turn it into nothing by applying the principle of 0=(+1) + (-1). {The IO Torus, Logos and Harmonics are all associated}Interestingly, the high-spin powder of gold has a distinct effect upon the pineal gland {See entry on Thalami} and its increased melatonin production, while the equivalent powder of iridium has its similar effect on the serotonin production of the pituitary gland.

Although the current names of the platinum-group metals are relatively new to us, the metals themselves are far from new. Recent tests have shown that, by dry-matter weight, over 5 per cent of our brain tissue is composed of iridium and rhodium in the high-spin state. (28)

So, what precisely is the highward or high-spin state which converts these noble metals into an impalpable white powder? A normal atom has around it a screening potential - a positive screening produced by the nucleus. The majority of electrons going round the nucleus are within this screening potential, except for the very outer electrons. The nucleus goes to the highward or high-spin state when the positive screening potential expands to bring all of the electrons under the control of the nucleus. {Refer to Solid State chemistry and the work of Don Robins as it relates to ’scavengers’, microphages in the genetic structure also have an effect that may be similar. Can the meta-mind attune these electrons and bring their forward and reverse spins into conjunction?}

These electrons normally travel around the nucleus in pairs - a spin-forward electron and a spin-reverse electron. But when these come under the influence of a high-spin nucleus {Is this a conscious act?}, all the spin-forward electrons become correlated with the spin-reverse electrons. When perfectly correlated, the electrons turn to pure ‘white light’ and it is impossible for the individual atoms in the high-spin substance to link together.” (29)

Whether or not they can do these things today: they (Alchemists or Rosicrucians of the Great White Brotherhood of Master Craftsmen) certainly have done such things in the past. Did they learn the process from the remnants of a previous ‘modern’ human? That seems more likely to us than the alien explanation they want us to accept. Was there a program to keep these things super secret? There certainly should have been. In Morning of the Magicians Pauwels and Bergier tell about a meeting they had with Fulcanelli as well as a presentation he made to the Paris Academy of Sciences. One of these authors was a member of Heisenberg’s team of scientists working on splitting the atom and the other was the editor of ‘Earth’ magazine. Fulcanelli warned about the dangers of the atomic forces that science was about to unleash and he explained how the Cathedrals were constructed to include the knowledge they were seeking. I’ve read his book which purports to include the keys to this knowledge. It is extremely cryptic in nature but I think if one was to be able to create the green vitreole of the stained glass windows (no easy art, but available in other places) then it might be true.

If these things are the explanation for Sodom and Gomorrah, or the vitrified rocks then we have some real concerns to address about our leaders and their willingness to do one thing and say another. It is very unlikely that this knowledge has not been the object of secret agents and the desire of monarchs and others’ concerns for many millennia. We know Crowley, Hitler, and guys like Barrett (’Secret Societies’) join the likes of Bacon and Dee in these quests. Truly power does corrupt and we know that when a few people have the power to do these kinds of things, it will eventually become a factor. The present situation seems to indicate that many people will have access to terrific uses of technology and we must not be as nave as the audience of Britannica was at the start of the 20th century when they wrote that torture was a thing of the past, as far as ‘civilized’ Europe was concerned.

Author of Diverse Druids
Columnist for The ES Press Magazine
Guest ‘expert’ at World-Mysteries.com

If you are graduating, it is a busy time. There are lots of loose ends that must be tied up around campus. Finals and term papers are taking up a lot of your time. But now is the time to put out a graduation announcement to proclaim your accomplishment and share it with friends and family.

Addressing the envelopes and announcements can be difficult for a beginner. On the outside of the envelope the address should be written formally. Use the full title such as Mr. or Mrs. and the full name of the recipient. Inside the announcement can be less formal. If you are sending the graduation announcement to a close family member, use their family name such as Grandma or Uncle Tom.

Knowing when to send the announcement is an important issue. The graduation announcements should be sent 1 to 2 weeks before the graduation date. This will allow time for people and family members to make plans to attend. It will also give people plenty of time to call and congratulate or send a card.

Graduation announcements are not request for gifts. Do not expect gifts from those to whom you send an announcement. In some cases, family members will provide gifts or throw a party. If you do receive gifts be sure to send a thank you note. It is a very nice gesture for those who have gone out of their way to congratulate the graduate.

Sending graduation announcements is a great way to present your great accomplishment. It is also the time to send your respect to those who helped you along the way.

Dawn Rowlett is an author for Dependable Printing, providing providing invitations for all celebrations and special occasions with a large discount on all online orders. Visit the site for a wonderful selection of Graduation Announcements.

All of the online nursing schools are different and in large part this works to the advantage of the new student. Few people realize that an online nursing degree is pretty much the same as any traditional school. They offer all the same type of degrees and variations of courses that the traditional schools offer and they do it with a fraction of the cost of a traditional school would charge for the same thing. This has made online schools so much more popular. Not to mention the fact that these schools can offer the better and up to date classes that the traditional schools have a hard time keeping up on. Budgetary restraints are more prevalent at traditional land based schools.

The first thing you need is a computer with an internet connection. This is the most crucial part of any online school as they cannot teach you other than through email and online discourse. Many of the schools of this type ask that you have a high speed internet connection such as DSL or cable broad band. This helps the students to better keep up with all that is going on and increases the download times many times over. This is important, as many of the classes require software and assignments to be downloaded over the time of the course. Although if you do not have cable or DSL, dial-up is still fine to use.

You may also need to purchase some books for the courses that you will take. This is similar to a traditional school in this respect. There is much more to the online nursing school than just working with a computer. The work from the book is crucial and sets up the base knowledge for most of the other courses that you will be required to take to earn your degree. The books are sometimes available locally but there are times when you can also purchase them from a virtual bookstore through the school. The prices of the books vary by course and school but most of them can be resold to recoup some of the investment.

Some of the courses that are required through the online nursing schools have prerequisites that need to be met before you can take the class. The first one being a high school diploma before you are even accepted to the school. After that there are some courses that you will not be able to take until you have taken lower level courses first. This is a common practice even in traditional schools, as some courses require some base knowledge to efficiently teach the course.

More important than anything, you will need a desire to work hard and learn. Working with an online nursing school requires personal dedication and forethought. The ability to work independently is also crucial as the professors may not be available at all times. This means that you will need to work on your own and complete the required work without much guidance.

You will also need to choose a suitable land campus. While the bulk of your degree in nursing can be completed online, you will need to take part in clinicals, which take place in person.

If you love heights and you simply can’t ignore the satisfaction flying can give you then enrolling in flight training is a solid choice. Basically, if you want to be a pilot someday, you have to undergo excessive flight training and proper schooling in an accredited flight school. Flight training should give you the skills on how to handle, take-off, and land a very basic aircraft or glider. You will then have to go through advanced training schools to learn how to pilot large aircraft for specific training.

1. Flight regulations

Aside from the complete procedures you will undergo in a flight training, you will also be taught on areas regarding flight rules and regulations.

2. Principles of flight

Just like any professional activity, it is also important for a pilot to know the different principle in flying. This will guide them on their quest for a career in flying.

3. Medical certificate

It is important to know the needed requirements in order to start with your flight training. There is a physical requirement to be a pilot.

4. Navigation

This refers to the proper maneuvering of the aircraft along a set course.

5. Human factors

This is to equip the trainee with proper knowledge on how human factors affect the overall flying procedure.

6. Radio Communications

Here, the student is trained on how to communicate effectively with the people situated in the control area. This is to facilitate communications with an air traffic controller so as to know the condition of the air traffic in the area.

7. Meteorology

This is also included in the flight training because it is important in understanding the conditions in mid air.

8. Flight Instruction Processes

- Preparation The basics of flight - Advanced Flying procedures and practice flying within a certain area - Solo Flights Must be able to fly between any of the local airports and homebase - Specific Aircraft Advanced topics such as dead reckoning, pilotage, night flying, aeronautical charts - Certification Exam required

At the beginning of your term you give yourself a promise to study hard and succeed in whatever you have planned. But things just happen to distract you from doing serious tasks and you start postponing: till next day, till next weekend, till next month, year and so on. You start getting interested in the present day only, your nearest future stops being your concern and you live happily and spend your days having fun with your friends. Every weekday you come to university and peacefully sit there, not concentrating on what your lecturer says. Suddenly a word “exam” appears in this monologue and you become very interested in it. While your tutor is talking, you feel a strange feeling tickling you in your belly and it doesn’t stop even when you have a break for lunch. This is the first sign of getting worried. It is not a top secret that people, both tutors and students become stressed out before exam. This is a dangerous state of organism that may hurt others that are around. Here is some practical piece of advice for those who are tired of this feeling but can’t help having it.

What is the reason of stress? When thinking about exams you worry about not passing it. If you have not enough knowledge on the topic, you will fail and have to take the course again. It is the fear to fail that makes us so nervous and stressed. Having not enough knowledge is not a problem for the one who is willing to study. Start your preparation from the first class. If you listen attentively, take notes, complete the assignments on time, you will not have to sit days and nights before exam and worry about some part of information that you’ve missed. A slight revision would be enough to refresh your memory. If you have problems with your assignment writing you can do custom written term paper order and be a hundred percent sure that everything will be fine. You can use custom term paper writing service that will provide a paper written on a high level with creative approach and duly completed on time. That will leave you some time for yourself and maybe your studies if it is a way you use your free time.

And here is one more thing. If you failed to do the above mentioned and still feel that horrible strain, there is one more advice. Cheating will not help you on your exam and in your future life. It is you that is cheated, not your tutors. The best way is to be honest with the examiner. Don’t lose your face when answering; you have to stay focused every second. Nobody has died of passing an exam yet and hopefully nobody will. Teacher’s aim is to teach you, not to fail you at your exam, because students are a credit to a teacher. If you still need some time to learn and study more, do it systematically, not chaotically and everything will be alright and you’ll go home on vacation a happy person with good news to you parents.

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Students of Shakespeare have spent a very great deal of time debating the meanings of “Othello”, “King Lear”, and “Macbeth”. The wealth of criticism of any one of his plays can be overwhelming to the casual student. I cite my own experience as a high school student struggling to write credible criticism of “King Lear” whilst juggling History, German, and General Studies reading and assignments. Students benefit from guidance concerning what it is best; at the very least to make best use of the time they have, opting perhaps to read the very best sources only.

Now language, spoke or written, is entirely a reflection of individual experience. We speak and write words we have picked up, first from whom ever taught use to speak; later from those we talk to and from those books which we have read. Consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, we also use language to speak and write about our experiences.

Fiction writers use language, no way in exception to this rule. However many planes they may have crossed using their imagination and knowledge, their fiction will be the product of their experiences. It is important then, for students of literature to learn about a writer’s experiences - how they lived, and what they read being the two points of focus in any such study of a writer. Secondary to reading the text apart from knowledge of the writer to consider language in the abstract, it is necessary for students, searching for meaning, to consider texts with knowledge of their writers.

Considering fiction writers’ sources is a practice never more crucial than when studying Shakespeare’s plays. Firstly, it is a relatively easy exercise (and therefore good practice), as none of Shakespeare’s plays are entirely original. Secondly, it is important for most students studying Shakespeare to express their own opinions about the texts. Examiners, certainly of A-Levels, (so I am told), are interested in the thoughts of the candidate, and therefore do not look favorably on regurgitated criticism from leading Shakespeare scholars. Thirdly, knowing something of Shakespeare likely sources is immensely useful at opening paths to substantiated judgments on meaning; it can lead to a whole new level of understanding, from which it is even easier to appreciate bard’s genius.

The discourse to follow on Shakespeare’s sources for three of his best known tragedies is, I admit, a regurgitation of my last three years of studying English. I decided that treading familiar ground was most prudent at this stage in the life of “Arguendo”. I hope to build my own confidence as a writer, as I build your confidence as a reader. Not withstanding that these three tragedies are amongst Shakespeare’s most thought provoking plays, I hope that this essay will indeed provided knowledge to add to you enjoyment of them.

One of the problems or, depending on your perspective, one of the advantages of studying Shakespeare, is that relatively little is known about his life. In particular, scholars are uncertain when he wrote the majority of his plays and sonnets, which leaves, potentially, a substantial gap between Shakespeare’s intended meaning and our own understanding of his work.

The best estimates for the dates that he wrote span several years. He must have written “Macbeth” sometime between 1603, the ascension of James I, and the first known performance of the play in 1611; “King Lear” within three years of the first court performance on December 1, 1606; according to a note in the First Quarto edition of 1608. “Othello” was written about two years before it was performed, apparently for the first time, by the King’s Men in the Banqueting house at Whitehall on November 1, 1604.

The approximate dates for the production of Shakespeare’s plays, scholars have largely derived from the apparent contextual details in the plays themselves. It is possible, then to consider and to use these dates in arguments about Shakespeare’s meaning. Context is an important source for many writers.

Shakespeare’s Context

“…this place is too cold for hell.”
–(Mac.2.3.13-14)

“What can you say to draw a third more opulent than your sisters?”
–(Lr.1.1.80-81)

“My blood begins my safer guides to rule,
And passion having my best judgment collied,
Assays to lead the way.”
–(Oth.2.3.186-188)

These three quotations have meaning set in the context of Shakespeare’s time. This higher level of meaning it is important to know something of the ideas and beliefs of Shakespeare’s England; not surprisingly, it is most important to be aware of the religious beliefs of the time. Perhaps the most fundamental of these was that the king was appointed by god; ruled with divine right. In France the belief in the divinity of the monarchy extended so far that the king’s touch was believed to cure illness. In England, the theory of divine right was no less prevalent: Elizabethan propaganda emphasized the relationship between the monarch and the land. James I was, moreover, quite obsessed with the theory of Divine Right: hence one of the central themes of Shakespeare’s plays, written at about the time of James’s ascension, is about the monarch’s relationship with the land, about who has the right to rule.

The Porter grumbles about the knocking at the gate: “if a man were the porter of hell’s gate, he should have old turning the key.” He asks: “who’s there in the Devil’s name…in th’other Devil’s name?” and then declares “But this place is too cold for hell”. These comments are all ironic, as the audience must realize, given what has taken place in Macbeth’s castle. The Porter has become the keeper of hell’s gate, as he is the keeper of Macbeth’s castle. Macbeth is not only guilty of regicide, he is guilty of murdering a kinsman, as all Scottish thanes were relatives of the king. Shakespeare is ironic when he has the Porter say it is “too cold” to be Hell. The ninth circle of hell was reserved for those who betrayed their kinsmen. The guilty were frozen in ice for eternity as punishment for their crime.

After King Duncan is murdered (Mac.2.2) it is no coincidence that Shakespeare has characters in this scene, Macduff and Lennox, discuss the weather in the next scene: the “unruly” night that has just passed. Shakespeare creates the impression that there were dark forces at work through mention of “strange screams of death, and prophesying with accents terrible, of dire combustion and confused events”. The weather is symbolic: because the king is murdered, God’s chosen is murdered, according to the theory of Divine Right, there is disorder in the kingdom; represented here by a storm. After renouncing his authority formerly King Lear finds that his kingship has truly been usurped by his daughters (Lr.3.2). He finds himself going slowly mad, in a storm, which has many characteristics similar to those featured in the storm alluded to in the scene after Duncan’s death (Mac.2.3.53-59): the verbs Lear uses to command the elements - “blow”, “crack”, “rage”, “blow”, “spout till you have drenched our steeples” - suggest this.

The answer to Lear’s love test is (Lr.1.1.86-92) becomes increasingly clear, considering Shakespeare’s handling of the relationship between the king and the kingdom. When he asks each of his daughters what they can say to “win” the largest portion of his kingdom the only correct, the only acceptable answer for a sixteenth century audience is Cordelia’s: “nothing”.

The Theory of Divine Right was one closely linked with that of the Great Chain of Being; the one very much determined the other. According to the Great Chain of Being, in society every man had a place, a social stratum, in which they ought to remain for their lives. The king was the highest authority in the chain; the highest authorities in the church and in the state, the archbishops and bishops, and the noblemen occupied the second strata, to the parish clergymen and gentry; down to the poorest man. Above everyone, however, was God. The king’s role was to protect the kingdom in God’s name: hence the Theory of Divine Right. The law of primogeniture was thus very important in Shakespeare’s society, to keep the Great Chain in order; without endeavoring to explain the feudal system, it suffices to say that land to remain united was to pass the eldest male child, or to the husband of the eldest daughter. Lear does not protect his kingdom by unburdening himself of his divinely appointed authority: he brings war and division; not only in Ancient Britain, but in his family. The subplot involving the Duke of Gloucester and his two sons further emphasizes the symbolic relationship between the king and the land that emulating that between the father and his children.

When studying “Othello” one of the important contextual details is that colored people were uncommon in Shakespeare’s England: Christendom, Christian Europe, had been at war with Muslims for many centuries in and around the Holy Land, and increasingly in the Mediterranean, whereabouts the main drama of “Othello” is set to unfold: on Cyprus. The racial tensions gave way to superstitions and stereotyping: Othello apparently breaks the latter for all Shakespeare presents him displaying composure and control over his emotions; marrying for love; proving successful and intelligent as a military leader. Yet, it is already clear that Othello is destabilized by Iago and reverting to racial type for a sixteenth century audience (Oth.2.3), by giving way to fists of passionate jealously of his wife; and moments of other intense and negative emotions, including anger, when he discovers his soldiers brawling.

Literally and metaphorically, Othello’s “blood” begins to rule him when he is removed from the cultured and safe environment of Venice: Europe. At least this is what the 16th century audience would have surmised.

Some commentators have argued that “Pliny’s Natural History”, which Philemon Holland translated in 1601, probably provided the details that Shakespeare uses to enhance with a degree of authenticity Othello’s exotic adventures and alien origin (consider the explanation that Othello gives to Desdemona about the origin of the handkerchief that he gives to her).

However, Geoffrey Bullough has maintained that Shakespeare probably consulted John Pory’s translation of “A Geographical Historie of Africa” by Leo Africanus; in which there is a distinction drawn between the Moors of the northern and those from the southern regions of the country. Africanus also describes both groups of Moors as candid and unaffected but prone to jealousy. Shakespeare’s Othello appears to be quite a faithful rendering of this characterization. Othello is candid and unaffected while in Venice; so much so that he passes as a Venetian, as a European, sufficiently to have achieved prestige as a general. In his speech to Brabantio and the senators in Venice regarding his clandestine union with Desdemona, he is indeed candid and unaffected

It is apparent that Shakespeare was familiar with fifteenth
century and sixteenth century accounts of the wars between Venice and Turkey, particularly the battle of Lepanto in 1571, in which the Venetians in alliance with the European Catholic states temporarily regained control of the island of Cyprus.

Being thus aware of the sources that Shakespeare is likely to have used for “Othello”, the perspective or meaning of the play is that much more clearly defined. The cause of Othello’s madness is diagnosable; the symptoms are those behavioral characteristics of Moors, according to contemporary accounts. Once Othello leaves Venice, he becomes symbolically isolated from the positive influence of Christian European culture; Othello’s nature begins to take hold of him. When Iago preys upon him, Othello’s reversion to a racial stereotype is apparently dramatically increased.

The lesson for Shakespeare’s contemporaries is that Moors will only revert to erratic behavior if they are first isolated from the European society and second treated with contemptuous cruelty and abused because of their heritage and origin. Hardly a racist attitude within the context of his time; to be likened to Shakespeare’s apparent sympathy toward the villain, Shylock, in “The Merchant of Venice”. At the very least, Shakespeare offers Shylock the same chance that the likes of Iago, Edmund and Richard III have to justify their actions; and Shylock’s is quite reasoned when he explains that Antonio has wronged him because:

SHYLOCK
I am a Jew. Hath
not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew
hands, organs, dimensions, senses,
affections, passions, fed with the
same food, hurt with the same
means, subject to the same diseases,
healed by the same means, warmed
and cooled by the same winter and
summer, as a Christian is? If you
prick us do we not bleed? If you
trick us do we not laugh? If you
poison us do we not die? And if you
wrong us shall we not revenge? If we
are like you in the rest, we shall
resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong
a Christian, what is his humility?
Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew,
what should his sufferance be by
Christian example? Why, revenge.
The villainy you teach me I will
execute; and it shall go hard but I
will better the instruction.
–(3.1.51-64).

The suggestion that the Jew follows the example of the Christian establishes a hierarchy of sorts. With the Christian above the Jew; it places the Christian in a position of responsibility and culpability for the actions of his Jewish subordinates. The Jews follow the Christians example: when the Christian persecutes the Jew, the Jew will likewise persecute the Christian; as the Christians persecute Shylock, Shylock persecutes Antonio.

Shakespeare’s perspective is thus not anti-Semitic, relative to the context in which he lived as a Christian. He is critical of the treatment of the Jews more than he is condemning of the people or the faith. Considering that the Nazis in Germany promoted “The Merchant of Venice” as evidence that Shakespeare was anti-Semitic, the importance of considering Shakespeare’s sources and the context in which he was writing is practical, as well as of literary significance.

When the meaning is properly understood by means of contextual knowledge, the artwork gains in aesthetic value. The crimes of Macbeth, the weakness of Othello, the madness of King Lear, and the morals of “The Merchant of Venice” are clarified. The plays are more enjoyable; the morals are comprehensible, sympathetic, human, and considered. The message is clear and Shakespeare’s genius is polished; restored to all its glory.

Dr. Evans
April 24, 2005

Dr. Evans has a PhD in English Literature and an MA in History. She lives in New York City and is a freelance writer. Visit her web site at http://www.charlotte-evans.com for more information.

The word “art” unites a lot of different definitions and branches. We usually associate arts with something of extreme beauty that brings pleasure. Arts help us solve one of the philosophical questions “What is beautiful?” With the help of arts we can see the beauty that was not yet shown to us. Arts started developing from the simple sketches made on the stone by our predators. Now we can see how many branches arts have. We distinguish verbal arts, such as poetry, prose, theatre, movie production though it can also be put to the category of drawn arts or pictures, another branch is sculpture which is closely united with architecture. Then we call music a true art and enjoy various styles and compositions. Dancing is an art and a sport, for it helps a person to keep fit and brings joy to the audience.

We’ve enumerated a number of arts that exist, but the list is certainly not full. Martial arts are called arts not without a purpose. Examining the works of the talented and gifted we see that art is everything that is exceptionally beautiful. The definition of the kind of arts can be a good argumentative essay topic; there’s a lot to consider. During your work you may determine if you are talented in arts. It is quite clear that a person is born with certain possibilities in different spheres. Your family, your teachers are to discover that talent when you are yet unable to do it for yourself. One is also to distinguish the difference between being talented and being gifted, though it may seem slight. A person that is gifted knows about his/her abilities or just feels them and is ready to dedicate all his/her life to the calling. Their creations are masterpieces that impress the society by its beauty and originality. A talented person even may not know about his/her ability to do something in a special way which is positively different from the rest. But there is a perspective to develop the talent and use it to profit yourself and leave a trace in history and give pleasure to the others that are not lucky enough to be like you.

Once you, or your teacher, or you family have discovered that you have talent, or maybe it was even your discovery; it is a horrible sin and ungratefulness to the nature to ignore the fact. You are to develop it. There are a lot of ways to do it. For example, your tutors kept on telling you that essay writing is your strong point, so you should not ignore their advice and constantly make progress in this direction. You can develop for yourself and use necessary materials and ways to move up to the next level and try to reach perfection. It is all about the will and stamina. If you are not able to control yourself you may turn for help to various tutors or sections that may help you develop in a team, sharing the experience. Your constant practice is very important. It will not come to you automatically; you’ll have to practice to reach the aim you’ve put yourself. The help of you dearest and nearest may come in handy, if there is no one to support you, it may either become a great motivator to prove your capability or destroy your inner confidence and make you calm down with the idea. If you are firmly determined to do whatever you have necessary skills to do, you have to go through a long road but the award will be of a king-size: fame and recognition.

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I personally never had the chance of a University education but today this has all changed If you have a computer and can go online and access to the Internet.

My father was born at the early part of the twentieth century in a small mining village in the valleys of Wales in the United Kingdom. His education was curtailed at the age of 12 to be sent to work down a coal mine. Computers had not been invented. His aim for his only son was that he would have the education he never had. Hence I was educated through the English state system, which had me taking an exam at the age of eleven to determine if my education was to become academic or technical. I was not at all the academic. Thoughts of ever going to University were never considered. Computers were expensive and only just becoming available. I left school to work in the photographic department of a printing company. Whilst in their employment I went to college to study photography one day a week. Using for the first time a personal computer. This assisted me in attained a “City & Guilds” diploma in Commercial Industrial Photography. When I became the parent of two sons and a daughter it was my aim to offer them an education that surpassed my opportunities. To this end they all had use of computer technology and access to the Internet. My eldest son a keen musician had the opportunity of entering under a bursary King Williams College a boarding school in the Isle of Man. He worked hard and obtained grades that found him able to go to Durham University in the UK to study and become an actuary using computers extensively. However after two years he decided that he no longer wanted to be a poor student and set off for employment in London. Met his wife and went to the USA where he is now writing computer programmes for an insurance group. My second son having attained the required results in school to attend University decided it was not for him and after a gap year was accepted into the Royal Air Force where he now works as ground staff in avionics/electronics extensively using computers on Harrier aircraft. My daughter attained the right grades and the opportunity to go to Salford University in the United Kingdom having used computers and the Internet for a large part of her course work, here she attained a Bachelor of Science Degree as a Physiotherapist and now works in Liverpool Hospital. This brings us up to today where I now find that you now do not even have to step outside your own home to attain a University degree. All you have to do is go online, log on to the World Wide Web, choose which college or University you want to be part of, work hard, study and you can attain a degree in just about any subject you want to take. My how education has changed.

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Civil War Uniforms: Top 10 Things to Do with Your Trousers By Paula and Coach McCoach http://www.civilwaruniforms.net

1. Military pants of the day came right off the patterns of the civilian pants. Irregular or civilian pants were very common since pants wore out quickly.

2. A little bit of patch work on pants would be fine, but I wouldn’t go for the dumpster look. I would patch if I needed it. I would make a proper hand-sewn patch.

3. Use a color of fabric that blends in with the material of the pants as closely as possible. You don’t want to look like a walking quilt.

4. You have a little more leeway with pants. I don’t recommend making a pair of pants off of a modern pattern and wearing them low.

5. Use an old pattern and make them so you can wear them high above the waist as they wore them in that era.

6. They had a rise anywhere from 2-4 inches more than the rise on modern pants. They wore them above the waist.

7. I also would recommend making your pants from a lighter weight material than your jacket if you can find a proper weave because of the heat factor.

8. Pants are extremely important because you take your jacket off at events but you always have your pants on. So, go with pants that fit well, are good in the heat and look accurate.

9. Contrary to popular belief that the smaller the size the thinner you look. If you want to look gaunt and thin, get pants that are a few inches bigger; they make you look thinner. Remember, the lean look will enhance your impression.

10. Cotton pants were common, so if you don’t want to wear wool, feel free to fit yourself out in a pair of cotton trousers just like the ones pictured on p. 119 of TROIANI’S REGIMENTS AND UNIFORMS OF THE CIVIL WAR worn by Pvt. James A. McKinstry of the 42nd Alabama. I have cotton pants, which have served me well over the years in the heat.

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